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Ontario Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA)
Clinical Guidelines

Appendix A :  Background Information

References
  • Albertsen PC, Fryback DG, Storer BE et al. Long-term survival among men with conservatively-treated localized prostatic cancer. JAMA 1995;274:626-31.

  • American College of Physicians. Screening for prostate cancer. Ann Int Med 1997;126:480-84.

  • Australian Health Technology Advisory Committee. Prostate Cancer Screening. Australian Government Publishing Service 1996. ISBN 0 644 47339 8.

  • Bangma CH, Rietbergen JBW, Kranse R et al. The Free-to-Total prostate specific antigen ratio improves the specificity of prostate specific antigen in screening for prostate cancer in the general population. J Urol 1997; 157:2191-96.

  • Barry MJ, Fowler FJ, O'Leary MP et al. The American Urological Association Symptom Index for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. J Urology 1992;148:1549-57

  • Bunting PS. A guide to the Interpretation of Serum Prostate Specific Antigen Levels. Clin Biochem 1995;28:221-41.

  • Carter HB, Pearson JD, Metter EJ et al. Longitudinal evaluation of prostate-specific antigen levels in men with and without prostate disease. JAMA 1992;267:2215-20.

  • Catalona WJ, Smith DS, Ornstein DK. Prostate cancer detection in men with serum PSA concentrations of 2.6 to 4.0 ng/mL and benign prostate examination. JAMA 1997;277(18):1452-5.

  • Catalona WJ et al. Comparison of digital rectal examination and serum prostate specific antigen in the early detection of prostate cancer: Results of a multicenter clinical trial of 6,630 men. J Urol 1994;151(5):1283-90.

  • Chodak GW et al. Results of conservative management of clinically localized prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 1994;330:242-248.

  • Collège des médecins du Québec. The PSA Test and Screening for Prostate Cancer. February 1998.

  • Conseil d'évaluation des technologies de la santé du Québec (CETS). Screening for cancer of the prostate: An evaluation of benefits, unwanted health effects and costs. Montréal: CETS, 1995.

  • Dugan JA, Bostwick DG, Myers RP et al. The definition and preoperative prediction of clinically insignificant prostate cancer. JAMA 1996;275:288-94.

  • Duijnhoven HLP et al. Large discrepancy between prostate specific antigen results from different assays during longitudinal follow-up of a prostate cancer patient. Clin Chem 1996;42:637-41.

  • Feightner J. Report of the Expert Panel PSA Testing for Prostatic Cancer 1994.

  • Fleshner N, O'Sullivan M, Fair WR. Prevalence and predictors of a positive repeat transrectal ultrasound guided needle biopsy of the prostate. J Urol 1997;158(2):505-8.

  • Gann PH, Hennekens CH, Stampfer MJ. A prospective evaluation of plasma prostate specific antigen for detection of prostatic cancer. JAMA 1995;273(4):289-94.

  • Gerber G,Thisted RA, Scardino PT et al. Results of radical prostatectomy in men with clinically localized prostate cancer: Multi-institutional pooled analysis. JAMA 1996; 276(8):615-9.

  • Howanitz JH. Immunoassay for measuring prostate-specific antigen. Lab Med 1996;27:255-57.

  • Jacobsen SJ, Bergstrahl EJ, Guess HA et al. Predictive properties of serum prostate-specific antigen testing in a community-based setting. Arch Intern Med 1996;156:2462-8.

  • McNeal JE, Bostwick DG, Kindrachuk RA et al. Patterns of progression in prostate cancer. Lancet 1986;60-63.

  • Morrison HI, MacNeill IB, Miller D, Levy I et al. The impending Canadian prostate cancer epidemic. Can J Pub Health 1995;86(4):274-8.

  • Oesterling JE, Jacobsen SSJ, Chute CG et al. Serum prostate specific antigen in a community-based population of healthy men: Establishment of age-specific ranges. JAMA 1993;270(7):860-4.

  • Partin AW, Oesterling JE. The clinical usefulness of percent-free PSA. Urology 1996;48(6A):1-3.

  • Perez CA et al. Localized carcinoma of the prostate: Review of management with external beam radiation therapy. Cancer 1993;72:3156-3173.

  • Perez CA, Michalski J, Locket MA. Radiation therapy in the treatment of localized prostate cancer: An alternative to an emerging consensus. Missouri Medicine 1995;92(11):696-704.

  • Fradet Y, Meyer F, (eds). Recommendations from the Canadian Workshop on Screening for Prostate Cancer. Can J Oncology 1994;4(suppl I):XIV.

  • Richie JP, Catalon WJ, Ahmann FR et al. Effect of patient age on early detection of prostate cancer with serum prostate-specific antigen and digital rectal examination. Urology 1993;42(4):365-74.

  • Sakr WA, Hans GP, Cassin BF et al. The frequency of carcinoma and intraepithelial neoplasia of the prostate in young male patients. J Urol 1993;150:379-85.

  • Schroder FF, Hermanek P, Denis L, Fair Wr, Gospodarowicz MK, Porvone-Maculuaso M. TMN classification of prostate cancer. Prostate 1992;4:129.

  • Schwartz KL et al. Trends in the stage-specific incidence of prostate carcinoma in the Detroit metropolitan area: 1973-1994. Cancer 1996;78:1260-66.

  • Selley S, Donovan J, Faulkner A et al. Diagnosis, management and screening of early localized prostate cancer. Health Technol Assess 1997;1(2):1-96.

  • Steinberg GD, Carter BS, Beaty TH et al. Family history and the risk of prostate cancer. Prostate 1990;17(4):337-47.

  • Talcott JA, Rieker P, Clark JA et al. Patient-reported symptoms after primary therapy for early prostate cancer: Results of a prospective cohort study. J Clin Oncol 1998;16(1):275-83.

  • Talcott JA, Rieker P, Propert KJ et al. Patient-reported impotence and incontinence after nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997;89:1117-23.

  • US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. Costs and Effectiveness of Prostate Cancer Screening in Elderly Men. OTA-BP-H-145. Washington DC; US Government Printing Office, May 1995.

  • Walsh PC. Trends in the stage-specific Incidence of prostate carcinoma in the Detroit metropolitan Area: 1973-1994 in Benign and malignant neoplasms of the prostate. J Urology 1997;158:280 (abstract).

  • Wasson JH et al. A structured literature review of treatment for localized prostate cancer. Arch Fam Med 1993;2(5):487-93.

  • Witherspoon LR, Lapeyrolerie T. Sensitive prostate specific antigen measurements identify men with long disease-free intervals and differentiate aggressive from indolent cancer recurrences within 2 years after radical prostatectomy. J Urol 1997;157:1322-28.

  • Wolfe ES, Wolfe Sr WW. Discussion of the controversies associated with prostate cancer screening. J Roy Soc Health 1997;117(3):151-5.

  • Woolf SH. Should we screen for prostate cancer? BMJ 1997;314:186-7

  • Woolf SH. Screening for prostate cancer with prostate-specific antigen. N Engl J Med 1997; 333:1401-5.

  • Yu H, Diamandis EP, Wong PY, Nam R, Trachtenberg J. Detection of prostate cancer relapse with prostate specific antigen monitoring at levels of 0.001 to 0.1ug/L. J Urol 1997;157(3): 919-20.

  • Yu H, Diamandis EP. Ultrasensitive time-resolved immunofluorimetric assay of prostate-specific antigen in serum and preliminary clinical studies. Clin Chem 1993;39:2108-14.

  • Zinke H, et al. Radical prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer: Long-term results of 1,143 patients from a single institution. J Clin Oncol 1994;12:2254-2263.
Additional Recent References That May Be Of Interest
  • Barry MJ for the Patient Outcomes Research Team for Prostatic Diseases. PSA Screening for prostate cancer: The current controversy - a viewpoint. Ann Oncol 1998:9:1279-82.

  • Boyle P. Prostate specific antigen (PSA) testing as screening for prostate cancer: The current controvery.(editorial) Ann Oncol 1998:9:1263-64.

  • de Koning HJ, Schröder. PSA sreening for prostate cancer: The current controversy. Ann Oncol 1998:9:1293-96.

  • Neal DE, Donovan JL. Screening for prostate cancer. Ann Oncol 1998:9:1289-92.

  • Zappa M, Ciatto S, Bonardi R et al. Overdiagnosis of prostate cancer by screening: An estimate based on the results of the Florence Screening Pilot Study. Ann Oncol 1998:9:1297-1300.

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